- Географические названия (Города, Континенты, Страны, Острова, Горы, Реки, Городские постройки)
- Личные имена (Цари, архитекторы, скульпторы, художники, полководцы, государственные деятели, ученые, имена мифологических героев, имена святых, поэты, писатели)
- События
- Учреждения
Города
Alexandria - Александрия, a seaport in North Egypt, in the Nile delta: founded in 332 B.C. by Alexander the Great; ancient center of learning.
Elfdahlen - Эльфдален, Swedish town
Florence - Флоренция, (Italian: Firenze), a city in central Italy, on the Arno River: capital of the former grand duchy of Tuscany.
London - Лондон, a metropolis in SE England, on the Thames: capital of the United Kingdom.
Moscow - Москва, a city in and the capital of the Russian Federation, in the Western part: capital of the former Soviet Union.
Novgorod the Great - Новгород Великий, a city in the Russian Federation in Europe, South East of St. Petersburg: a former capital of Russia.
Rome - Рим, (Italian: Roma), a city in and the capital of Italy, in the central part, on the Tiber: ancient capital of the Roman Empire; site of Vatican City, seat of authority of the Roman Catholic Church.
St. Petersburg = Saint Petersburg - Санкт - Петербург, formerly, Leningrad (1924-91); Petrograd (1914-24), a seaport in North-West Russian Federation in Europe, in the Gulf of Finland, off the Baltic Sea: founded 1703 by Peter the Great; capital of the Russian Empire (1712-1917).
The city of Vladimir - город Владимир, a city in the Western Russian Federation in Europe.
Venice - Венеция, (Italian: Venezia), a seaport in North East Italy, built on numerous small islands in the Lagoon of Venice.
Континенты
Europe - Европа, a continent in the Western part of the landmass lying between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, separated from Asia by the Ural Mountains on the East and the Caucasus Mountains and the Black and Caspian seas on the South- East. In British usage, Europe sometimes contrasts with England.
Western Europe - Западная Европа
Страны
Ancient Greece - Древняя Греция
Russia - Россия, Russian Federation, a republic extending from Eastern Europe to Northern and Western Asia. Cap.: Moscow.
the Russian Empire - Российская империя, a former empire in Eastern Europe and Northern and Western Asia: overthrown by the Russian Revolution 1917. Cap.: St. Petersburg (1703-1917).
Sweden - Швеция, a kingdom in Northern Europe, in the Eastern part of the Scandinavian Peninsula. Cap.: Stockholm.
(the former) USSR - the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Острова
Hare's Island - Заячий остров
Горы
the Urals - горы Урал, Ural Mountains, a mountain range in the Western Russian Federation, extending to the North and South from the Arctic Ocean to near the Caspian Sea, forming a natural boundary between Europe and Asia.
Реки
the Fontanka (Fountain) River - река Фонтанка
the Gulf of Finland - Финский залив
the Lebiazhya (Swan) Ditch - Лебяжья канавка
the Ligovsky Canal - Лиговский канал
the Griboedov Canal - Канал Грибоедова
the Moika River - река Мойка
the Nameless River - Безымянный ерик
the Neva River - река Нева, a river in the Northern West Russian Federation in Europe, flowing from Lake Ladoga through St. Petersburg into the Gulf of Finland: canalized for ships.
Названия зданий , музеев, комнат и т.д. Городские постройки
Gorokhovaya Street - Гороховая улица
Nevsky Prospekt = Nevsky Avenue - Невский проспект
St. Isaac's Square - Исаакиевская площадь
St . Michael's Castle = Engineers' Castle - Михайловский (Инженерный) замок
St. Michael's Palace - Михайловский дворец
the "Peacock" clock - часы <Павлин> (Малый Эрмитаж)
the Admiralty - Адмиралтейство, the officials or the department of state having charge of naval affairs
the Alekseyevsky Ravelin - Алексеевский равелин
the Alexander Nevsky Lavra (Monastery) - Александро - Невская Лавра
the Benois Block, also the Benois Wing - корпус Бенуа (Русский музей)
the Blagoveshchenskaya Church = the Church of the Annunciation - Благовещенская Церковь
the Boathouse (boat house) - Ботный домик
the Bronze Horseman - монумент Петру I, <Медный всадник>
the Cathedral of Our Lady of Kazan = the Kazan Cathedral = the Kazansky Cathedral = The Cathedral of the Icon of Our Lady of Kazan = Казанский собор, Собор иконы Казанской Божьей Матери
the Cathedral of St. Maria Del Fiore - Собор Санта Мария дель Фьоре (Флоренция)
photo
the Cathedral of St. Paul - Собор Св. Павла (Лондон), a cathedral in London, England: designed by Sir Christopher Wren. photo
the Cathedral of St. Peter = St. Peter's Cathedral - Собор Святого Петра (Рим), a basilica in Vatican City: dome designed by Michelangelo.
photo
the Cathedral of the Resurrection = the Cathedral of our Saviour-on-blood = the Church of Christ 's Resurrection = the Church of the Resurrection = the Church on the Split Blood = the Church of the Redeemer - Собор Спаса на Крови
the Catherine chapel - Екатерининская часовня (Петропавловский собор)
the Church of the St. Basil the Blessed - Собор Святого Василия Блаженного (Москва)
photo
the Coffee-house - Кофейный домик (Летний сад)
the Commandant's House - Комендантский дом (Петропавловская крепость)
the Council Staircase - Советская лестница (Эрмитаж)
the Dark Corridor - Темный коридор (Эрмитаж)
the Emblems' Room - Гербовый зал (Эрмитаж, Зимний дворец)
the Engineering House - Инженерный дом (Петропавловская крепость)
the Field Marshal's Room - Фельдмаршальский зал (Эрмитаж, Зимний дворец)
the Field of Mars - Марсово поле
the Fountains of Tears - Фонтаны слёз (Павильонный зал, Малый Эрмитаж)
The Gallery of 1812 - Галерея 1812 года, Военная галерея (Зимний дворец, Эрмитаж)
the Hanging Garden - Висячий сад (Малый Эрмитаж)
the Hermitage = the State Hermitage museum - Государственный Эрмитаж
the Hermitage Theatre - Эрмитажный театр
the Higher Naval Engineering School - Высшее Военно-морское инженерное училище им. Ф.А. Дзержинского
the Holy Trinity Cathedral - Собор Святой Троицы, Троицкий Собор
the Ioanovsky (St . John's) Ravelin - Иоановский равелин
the Kazansky Bridge - Казанский мост
the Kronwerk - Кронверк
the Large Throne Room / St . George's Room - Большой тронный зал, зал Святого Георгия (Эрмитаж, Зимний дворец)
the Lazorevskoye Cemetery - Лазаревское кладбище
the Louvre - Лувр, a national museum in Paris, France, since 1793: formerly a royal palace.
the Main Staircase / Ambassador Staircase / Jordan Staircase - Главная лестница, Посольская лестница, Иорданская лестница (Эрмитаж, Зимний дворец)
the Malachite Room - Малахитовый зал
the Marble Palace - Мраморный дворец
the Mariinsky Palace - Мариинский дворец
the Metropolitan Garden - Митрополичий сад
the Minor Dining Room - Малая столовая (Эрмитаж, Зимний дворец)
the Mint - Монетный двор
the Monastery of the Holy Trinity - Свято-Троицкий Монастырь
the monument to Nicolas I - монумент Николаю I
the Naryshkin bastion - Нарышкин бастион
the New Hermitage - Новый Эрмитаж
the Nikholskoye cemetery - Никольское кладбище
the Old Hermitage - Старый Эрмитаж
the Oriental Department = Oriental Art and Culture - Культура и искусство Востока
the Orthodox Church - Православная церковь
the Pavilion Room - Павильонный зал (Малый Эрмитаж)
the Peter and Paul Cathedral - Петропавловский собор
the Peter - and - Paul Fortress - Петропавловская крепость
the Raphael Loggia - Лоджии Рафаэля (Большой Эрмитаж)
the Red Square - Красная площадь
the Russian Museum - Русский Музей
the Saint Lazarus Church - Церковь святого Лазаря
the School of Military Engineers = the Central Engineering College = the Main College of Engineers = Главное Инженерное Училище
the Small Hermitage - Малый Эрмитаж
the Small Throne Room / the Peter I Room - Малый тронный зал, Зал Петра I (Эрмитаж, Зимний дворец)
the St. Petersburg Duma - Петербургская Дума
the State Russian Museum - Государственный Русский музей
the Stroganov's Palace - Дворец Строгонова
the Summer Garden, also the Summer Gardens - Летний сад
the Summer Palace - Летний дворец
the Tea-house - Чайный домик
the Tikhvinskoye Cemetery - Тихвинское кладбище
the Troitse - Sergiev Monastery - Троице-Сергиев Монастырь
the Tsar's bastion - Государев бастион
the Vatican Gallery - Картинная галерея Ватикана, also called Vatican Palace, the chief residence of the popes in Vatican City, now also including a library, archives, art museum, apartments, and administrative offices.
the Venus of Taurida (3d century B.C.) - Венера Таврическая
the Winter Canal, also the Winter Ditch - Зимняя канавка
the Winter Palace - Зимний дворец
St. Isaak Cathedral - Исаакиевский собор
Voznesensky Prospekt - Вознесенский проспект
Цари
Alexander I (1777-1825) - Александр I, eldest son of Emperor Paul I
picture
Alexander II (1818-1881) - Александр II, eldest son of Emperor Nicholas I picture
Alexander III (1845-1894) - Александр III, second son of Emperor Alexander II picture
Alexander Nevsky - Александр Невский, (1220?-1263), Russian prince, national hero, and saint
Catherine I = Ekaterina Alexeevna (1684?-1727) - Екатерина I Алексеевна, Lithuanian wife of Peter the Great: empress of Russia (1725-1727) picture
Catherine II (1729-1796) - Екатерина II, German Princess Sophia Friederica Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst, wife of the Emperor Petr III picture
Charles XIV - Карл XIV, king of Sweden and Norway (1818-1844).
Empress Elizabeth (1709-1761) - императрица Елизавета Петровна , the daughter of Emperor Petr I picture
Franz I (1768-1835) - the imperator of Austria , ( 1804-1835)
Frederick William III (1770- 1840) - the king of Prussia (1794-1840)
Ivan VI Antonovich (1740-1764) - Иван VI, son of the niece of Empress Anna Ivanovna
Josephine de Beauharnais - Жозефин де Богарне, empress of France 1804-09: first wife of Napoleon I.
Konstantin, the grand prince - Константин, великий князь
Mikhail Pavlovich, the grand duke - Михаил Павлович , великий князь
Napoleon I = Наполеон ( Бонапарт), (Napoleon Bonaparte), "the Little Corporal", (1769-1821), French general born in Corsica: emperor of France 1804-1815. picture
Nicholas I (1796-1855) - Николай I, third son of Emperor Paul I picture
Nicolas II (1868-1918) - Николай II, last Russian emperor, eldest son of Emperor Alexander III picture
Paul I (1754-1801) - Павел I, son of Emperor Petr III and Empress Catherine II picture
Peter I = Peter the First = Peter the Great - Петр I, Петр Великий (1672-1725), czar of Russia (1682-1725). picture
Peter II (1727-1730) - Петр II, son of Tsarevich Alexis, grandson of Peter I
Ptolemy II Philadelphus (309?-247?) - the Egyptian ruler (285-247?)
the Romanovs, the Romanov family - семья Романовых, Романовы, династия Романовых, the imperial dynasty of Russia that ruled from 1613 to 1917.
Tsarevitch Aleksey - царевич Алексей, son of Peter I
Архитекторы, скульпторы
Anikushin , Mikhail (1917-1997)- Михаил Константинович Аникушин, Russian sculptor
Bazhenov , Vasily (1737-1799) - Василий Иванович Баженов, Russian architect
Benois, Leonty (1856-1928) - Леонтий Николаевич Бенуа, Russian architect
Brenna, Vincenzo (1701-1770) - Винченцо Бренна (Викентий Павлович), Russian painter, decorator and architect
Briullov, Alexander (1798-1877) - Александр Павлович Брюллов, Russian architect, representative of Late Classicism
Charlemagne, Ludovik - Людовик Шарлемань
Clodt , Piotr = Piotr (Petr) Klodt (1805-1867) - Петр Карлович Клодт, Russian sculptor, representative of Late Classicism
Cox, James (? - 1791) - Джеймс Кокс, English clock master of the 18 th century
Demuth-Malinovsky, Vasily (1779-1846) - Василий Иванович Демут-Малиновский, Russian sculptor, representative of Classicism
Falconet, Etienne Maurice (1716-1791) - Этьен Фальконе, French sculptor, painter, representative of Early Classicism
Felten, Jury (1730-1801) = Jury (Yuri) Velten (Veldten)- Юрий Матвеевич Фельтен, Russian architect, representative of Early Classicism
Ignaty - архимандрит Игнатий; архимандрит - archimandrite, the highest rank of a celibate priest, usually the head of a monastery.
Klenze, Leo von (1784-1864) - Лео вон Кленце, German architect
Korobov, Ivan (1700-1747) - Иван Кузьмич Коробов, Russian architect, engineer, representative of Early Baroque
Loganovsky, Alexander (1810-1855) - Александр Васильевич Логановский, Russian sculptor
Montferrand, Auguste de (1786-1858) - Огюст де Монферран, Russian architect, French by birth, representative of Late Classicism
Orlovsky, Boris (1796-1871) - Борис Иванович Орловский, Russian sculptor
Parland, Alfred (1842-1912) - Альфред Александрович Парланд, Russian architect
Pimenov, Stepan (1784-1833) - Степан Степанович Пименов, Russian sculptor
Quarenghi, Giacomo (1744-1817) - Джакомо Кваренги, Italian architect, representative of Classicism. Since 1780 worked in Russia
Rastrelli, Carlo Bartolomeo (1675-1744) - Карло Бартоломео Растрелли, father of Francesco Rastrelli, Italian sculptor, since 1716 worked in Russia
Rastrelli, Francesco Bartalomeo (1700-1771) - Франческо Бартоломео (Варфоломей Варфоломеевич) Растрелли, a great architect who worked in the middle of 18th century, one of the representatives of the Russian baroque style. Born in Italy , he came to Russia in 1716 with his father, famous sculpture Carlo Bartolomeo Rastrelli. In 1722-1735 he built and then in 1754-1732 rebuilt the winter Palace. According to the projects of the great architect there were built such architectural masterpieces as the Smolny Monastery and Cathedral, the Great Palace in Peterhof, the Great Catherine Palace in Tsarskoe Selo, Vorontsov's Palace, Stroganov's Palace and some others. In 1763 Rastrelli retired and moved to Switzerland.
Rinaldi, Antonio (1710-1794) - Антонио Ринальди, Italian architect. Since 1751 worked in Russia.
Rossi , Carlo (1775-1849) - Карло (Карл Иванович) Росси. A son of an Italian ballet dancer, was born in St Petersburg. His teacher was Vincenzo Brenna. In 1816 he was appointed the chief architect of the Building Committee. His first work in St Petersburg was the Elagin Palace and Park. Also he created the Mikhailovsky Palace ensemble, Alexandrinsky Theatre, Public Library and the entire street that now has his name. One of his grandiose projects accomplished in stone is the general Staff building on the Palace Square . The Architect's last works were the Senate and Synod buildings on the Senate Square (now Decembrists' Square).
Shchedrin, Feodosy (1751-1825) - Феодосий Щедрин, Russian sculptor, one of the originators of the Russian school of sculpture.
Shubin, Fedot (1740-1805) - Федот Шубин, his works reveal a realistic basis.
Starov, Ivan (1745-1808) - Иван Егорович Старов, Russian architect, founder of Russian Classicism
Stasov, Vasily (1769-1848) - Василий Петрович Стасов, Russian architect, representative of the Empire style
Svinyin, Vasily (1865-1969) - Василий Федорович Свинин, Russian architect
Trezzini, Domenico (1670-1734) - Доменико Трезини, an Italian born in Switzerland, architect and engineer of fortifications. Trezzini came to St Petersburg in April of 1703/ He became the first chief architect of St Petersburg. Trezzini planned St Petersburg , Kronstadt and the monastery of Alexander Nevsky, started rebuilding the Peter and Paul Fortress in stone and building up Vasilievsky Iceland. He constructed Peter's (Petrovsky) Gats and the Peter and Paul Cathedral and the building of Twelve Collegiums. Trezzini's buildings are typical of the early Russian Baroque.
Vallin de la Mothe, Jean Baptist Michael (1729-1800) - Жан Баптист Валлен де ла Мот, French architect. In 1759-1775 worked in Russia.
Vitali, Ivan (1794-1855) - Иван Петрович Витали, Russian sculptor
Voronikhin, Andrey (1759-1814) - Андрей Никифорович Воронихин, the outstanding Russian architect. Andrey Voronokhin was a serf belonging to count Stroganov. He studied architecture and natural sciences in France, Germany and Switzeralnd. In 1803 he became a professor in the Academy of Arts. He designed he Kazan Cathedral, the Mining Institute (1806-1811), several buildings in Pavlovsk, Gatchina and Strelna and the paired colonnade pavilions in Peterhof park.
Yegorov, Petr (1731-1789) - Петр Егорович Егоров, Russian architect
Zakharov, Andreyan (1761-1811) - Андреян Дмитриевич Захаров, a Russian architect, graduated from the Academy of Arts in St Petersburg in 1782 and then lived abroad for 5 years. He constructed a church in Gatchina, the Lion bridge, the Andreevsky Cathedral in Kronstadt, the Naval Hospital in St Petersburg and some other buildings like military schools, dwelling houses, etc. A lot of projects were not completed, many buildings did not survive. In 1805 zakharov became the main architect of the Admiralty. The main building of the Admiralty is his finest work.
Zemtosov , Mikhail - Михаил Земцов, Russian architect
Художники
Amiconi, Jacopo - Якопо Амикони, Italian painter of the 18th century
Basin, Piotr (1793-1877) - Петр Васильевич Басин, Russian painter
Benois, Alexander (1870-1960) - Александр Николаевич Бенуа, the Russian artist, art historian and theoritician, member of "World of the Art" artisitic group.
Briullov (Bryullov), Carl (1799-1852) - Карл Павлович Брюллов. A Russian painter of the beginning of the 19 th century. The artist united his classical academic training with its highest technical proficiency and the Romantic spontaneity thus bridging the gap between the classicism of the 18th century and the Romanticism of the 19th. He authored monumental canvases (the most famous among them being "The Last Day of Pompeii"), fine portraits ("The portrait of the writer N.V. Kopernik"), watercolours and travel skatches. Bryullov descended from French Huguenots; he was educated in Russia (the St. Petersburg Academy of Fine Arts) but later continued studying in Italy. It is there that he painted "The last day of Pompeii" which gained him the international fame.
Bruni, Fyodor, (Fidelio) (1799-1875) - Федор Бруни, Russian painter, mixed the traits of Classicism and Romanticism in his work.
Chagall, Mark (1887-1985) - Марк Шагал. The artist stands aside in the art of avant-garde. Chagall's refined literary language went together with peculiar mythical-poetic vision of the world ("Wedding", "Above the city"). After his departure from Russia in 1922 Chagall lived in France, where he was distibguished as one of the most outstanding artist of the 20th century.
Chardin, Jean-Baptiste Simeon (1699-1779) - Жан Баптист Симеон Шарден, French painter.
Dawe, George (1781-1829) - Джордж Доу, English portrait painter
Deineka, Alexander (1899-1969) - Александр Дейнека, Russian painter, one of the founders of OST (the Society of Easel Painters)
Dionisy (cc.1440-between 1502 and 1508) - Дионисий, Russian icon painter.
Dyck, Anthony van (1599-1641) - Энтони ван Дейк , Flemish painter, representative of Baroque
El Greco (Domenikos Theotokopoulos) (1541-1614) - Эль Греко, (Доменикос Теотокопулос), Spanish painter, born in Crete.
Filonov, Pavel (1883-1941) - Павел Николаевич Филонов. Artist, an outstanding representative of the Russian avant-garde. He invented his own "kaleidoscopic" manner of painting. He worked both on vague and figurative compositions (the themes vary from those of Bible to modern everyday scenes). Filonov's works are full of great power of the universal idea and peculiar foreseeing inspiration. The atom level of painting grows into scale compositions.
Fragonard, Jean Honore (1732-1806) - Жан Ононре Фрагонар, French painter, draughtsman.
Gainsborough, Thomas (1727-1788) - Томас Гейнсборо, English painter, considered one of the greatest masters of portraiture and landscape.
Ivanov, Alexander (1806-1858)- Александр Андреевич Иванов, a famous Russian painter. Ivanov's paintings expressed immense psyvhological and especially religious depth thereby making Ivanov a representative of a completely different trend in the history of the Russian painting as compared to his Romantic contemporaries Orest Kipresnky, Karl Bryullov and others. Ivanov was the first Russian painter to express these Christian religious emotions and meditations in a West-European manner and not in the way the Russian traditional icon-painting required. Ivanov's main creation was his monumental canvas "Christ's Appearance to People" ("Явление Христа народу") . Sketches made by Ivanov at the preparation stage of painting "Christ Appearance to People" are also well-known and considered to be valuable pieces of his history, that is why they are exhibited in the Tretyakov Gallery ( Moscow ) together with the final and complete version of the masterpiece.
Kiprensky, Orest (1782-1836) - Орест Адамович Кипренский, Russian painter, representative of Romantism
Korovin , Konstantin (1861-1939) - Константин Алексеевич Коровин, a Russian painter, the first Russian impressionist. Korovin was a pupil of A.K. Savrasov and V.D. Polenov, a member of the Abramtsevo group of S. Morozov, a member of the group "The World of Art". Korovin was always in the forefront of the Russian art of the trun of the 20 th century. Korovin was famous for his fine landscapes, still life paintings, portraits. Korovin was a renowned theatrical painter.
the Kukryniksy artists are Mikhail Kuprianov, Porfiry Krylov, Nikolai Sokolov, famous masters of the political poster and caricature.
Kustodiev, Boris (1878-1927) - Борис Михайлович Кустодиев, a Russian painter. Kustodiev's paintings show colourful scenes of peasants' and provincial merchants' and petty bourgeoisie's life (e.g., the series "The Fair"). With a touch of irony, Kustodiev expressed Russian folk understanding of the beautiful ("The Beauty"). Kustodiev authored fine portraits ("Shalyapin"). Kustodiev was a member of the group "The World of Art".
Levitan, Isaak (1860-1900) - Исаак Ильич Левитан, a Russian painter-Peredvizhnik. Levitan was and still is renowned for his serene and typically Russian landscapes ("Over the Eternal Rest", "March", etc.) Sometimes, Levitan's paitins reflected the tragic situation in Russia of the second half of the 19th century and thus Levitan manifested himself as a critically minded Peredviznik (the epitome of this side of his career being "The Vladimirka", the painting of the road along with shackled convicts were led to the Siberia). Levitan developed artistic ideas of the European impressionism applying them to the Russian nature through which he showed the Russian soul.
Levitsky, Dmitry (1735-1822) - Дмитрий Левицикий, Russian painter, was born in the Ukraine.
Malevich, Kasimir (1878-1935) - Казимир Северинович Малевич. Painter, the most outstanding representative of Russian avant-garde. Through the evolution of his creative work Malevich discovers a new trend in painting - suprematism, expressing a new vision of the surrounding world. Malevich is the author of the " Black Square " (1913), the programme piece of work representing not only suprematism as a new artistic trend but also the avant-garde in general.
Matveyev, Andrey (1701(4) - 1739) - Андрей Матвеевич Матвеев, Russian painter
Monet, Claude (1840-1926) - Клод Моне, French painter.
Nesterov, Mikhail (1862-1942) - Михаил Васильевич Нестеров, a Russian painter. Nesterov expressed ideals of the Russian Orthodox Church. Nesterov painted an idealized Russia and key figures of its history and art - Sergey Radonezhsky, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Leo Tolstoy, Vladimir Solovyov.
Nikitin, Ivan (1688-1741) - Иван Никитин, one of the important artists of the Petrine period, studied painting in Italy and taught mathimatics and drawing in Moscow.
Petrov-Vodkin, Kuzma (1878-1939) - Кузьма Сергеевич Петров-Водкин, painter who tended to create his works in the style of symbolism. Petrov-Vodkin created a unique manner of painting, which makes the plots of his paintings magnificent and universally important. His most well-known painting is "Washing of the Red Horse" (1912)
Picasso, Pablo (1881-1973) - Пабло Пикассо, Spanish painter and sculptor in France.
Poussin, Nicolas (1594-1655) - Николя Пуссен, French painter
Raphael (1483-1520) - Рафаэль Санти, Raffaello Santi, (or Sanzio ), Italian painter.
Rembrandt, Harmensz van Rijn (Ryn) (1606-1669) - Харменс ван Рин Рембрандт, Dutch painter.
Repin, Ilya (1844-1930) - Илья Ефимович Репин, a Russian painter, a Perdvizhnik, whose works represent one of the heights of Russian art in 19 th century. Repin distinguished himself as a realist artist in such paintings as "The Volga Boatmen", "Unexpected". Portraits of such representatives of Russian intelligentsia as critic Stasov, composer Musorgsky, etc. are of great value to the Russian heritage. Repin painted a lot of portraits of L.N. Tolstoy, the writer he respected most.
Rerich, Nikolay (1874-1947) - Николай Константинович Рерих, a Russian painter, philosopher, archeologist, historian. In his works, Rerich turns to pagan sources, folklore, mythology, Indian and Tibetan motifs. Rerich traveled in India , China , Mongolia and other Asian countries. Rerich authored numerous paintings with Oriental landscapes and scenes. Rerich wrote a collection of poems, etc.
Riabushkin, Andrey (1861-1904) - Андрей Рябушкин, Russian painter, who recreated the peculiar beauty of Russian life of the 17th century.
Rokotov, Fedor (1735/36-1808) - Фёдор Рокотов, Rusian portrait painter
Rubens, Peter Paul (1577-1640) - Питер Поль Рубенс, Flemish painter.
Rublev, Andrey (Andrei) (1360 (70) - 1430) - Андрей Рублев, a Russian icon painter. Icons by Rublev are famous for their harmony, human profundity of interpretation of traditional Orthodox characters and themes. One of Rublev's chief chef-d'oeuvres is the icon "The Trinity". Rublev also authored such well-known icons as "The Saviour", "The Apostle Paul". Rublev took part in painting a number of Russian Orthodox cathedrals. Rublev greatly influenced future generations of icon painters.
Samokhavlov, Alexander (1894-1971) - Александр Самохвалов, Russian painter, graphic artist, theatrical designer
Serov, Valentin (1865-1911) - Валентин Александрович Серов, a Russian landscape and portrait painter. Serov was the composer A.N. Serov's son and Ilya Repin's pupil. Serov's most outstanding paintings are "A Girl with Peaches", "Mika Morozov". Serov created a number of portraits of representatives of the Russian intelligentsia of his time (notably, portraits of I. Levitan, N. Leskov, N. Rimsky-Korsakov and others). Servo's art influenced the Russian painting on the verge of the 19 th and 20 th centuries.
Shishkin, Ivan (1832-1898) - Иван Иванович Шишкин, a Russian painter-Peredvizhnik. Shishkin was a master of landscapes (he painted mostly forests). Shishkin's classical paintings are "The Rye-Field", "The Morning in the Pine Forest ", etc. Shishkin showed Russian nature, as it were, in the prime of its life avoiding its transitional conditions and therefore there is no psychological depth which is not too typical of the Russian arts in general. Yet, Shishkin's have always been considered so characteristically Russian and loved by Russians very much.
sir Reynolds, Joshua (1723-1792) - сэр Джошуа Рейнольдс, English painter.
Surikov, Vasily (1848-1916) - Василий Иванович Суриков, a Russian painter, belonged to the Peredvizhniki school in the Russian painting. Surikov was a master of the monumental historical works especially those showing the transitional and dramatic moments of the Russian history. Among such Surikov's works are "The Boyar Morozova", "The Conquering of the Siberia by Yermak", "Menshikov in Beresov", etc.). Surikov's canvases are distinguished for their grandeur where the main character in the Russian people at the not infrequently tragic turns of their history and at the same time for deep psychologically capturing individual characters of those shown.
Titian = Tiziano Vecellio (1477-1576) - Тициан, Italian painter representative of Venetian school art.
Toulouse-Lautrec, Henri Marie Raymond de (1864-1901) - Генри Мари Раймонд де Тулуз - Лотре , French painter and lithographer.
Unterberger, Christoph (1732-1793) - Кристоф Унтербенгер, German artist
Ushakov, Simon (1626-1686) - Симон Ушаков, Russian mural and icon painter
Vasnetsov, Viktor (1848-1926) - Виктор Михайлович Васнецов, a Russian painter, belonged to the Peredvizhniki School in the Russian painting. Vasnetsov was famous for his epic canvases inspired by Russian folklore ("After a Battle", "Alyonushka", "The Bogatyri-Warriors"). Vasnetsov also painted for the theatre.
Venetsianov, Alexey (1780-1847) - Алексей Гаврилович Венецианов, a Russian painter, the founder of the genre painting school (the so-called Vasnetsov School ). In his paitings, Vasnetsov presented a somewhat idealized picture of the peasantry, its his life and work ("Zakharka", "In the Ploughed Field"), yet Vasnetsov is considered to be one of the forerunners of the Russian realistic art.
Vinci, Leonardo da (1452-1519) - Леонардо да Винчи, Italian painter, sculptor, architect, musician, engineer, mathematician, and scientist.
Vishniakov, Ivan (1699-after 1761) - Иван Вишняков, Russian portrait painter.
Vrubel, Mikhail (1856-1910) - Михаил Александрович Врубель, painter, founder of symbolism and modernism in Russian art. Fanciful images of his creation reflect the intensity of the human inner life. His most famous painting is "Demon Conquered". He sought inspiration in the literary works of A.S. Pushkin, M. Lermontov and others.
Watteau, Jean Antoine (1684-1721) - Жан Антонии Ватто, French painter.
Полководцы, государственные деятели
Alexander the Great (356-323 B.C.) - Александр Великий (Македонский), king of Macedonia 336-323: conqueror of Greek city-states and of the Persian Empire from Asia Minor and Egypt to India.
Barclay de Tolly, Mikhail - Михаил Богданович Барклай-де-Толли
Count Stroganoff - граф А. С. Строганов
Godoy, Manuel de - Мануэль де Годой, Spanish prime-minister
Kutuzov, Mikhail (1745-1813) - Михаил Илларионович Кутузов (Голенищев - Кутузов), military leader, A.V. Suvorov's follower. He took part in many battles of the Russian army at the end of the 18 th -beginning of the 19 th centuries. Kutuzov won fame during the Patriotic War (1812) with Napoleon the First. He was the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian army. Being a wise man and experienced soldier, he saved his army from extermination, thus paving the way for success in the war and Napoleon's defeat.
Lenin, Vladimir (1870-1924) - Владимир Ильич Ленин (Ульянов), a prominent political figure of the Soviet state. Lenin played a leading role in the world social-democratic movement as a staunch supporter and faithful follower of Karl Marx and Fredric Engel's teachings. Lenin became involved with the politics on the professional basis as early as in the 1890s. In 1917, Lenin assumed the key role in organizing the October uprising which led to forming an unprecedented political system, a so-called socialist republic. Lenin became the head of the newly-formed state and its government. Lenin was one of the creators and ideologists of the communist Party in Russia, Lenin also authored a number of philosophical and political-economical treaties. During the Soviet era, Lenin's personality and work were idealized out of all proportion to what he really had been and done; he was made into a mythological figure in a very real sense and thus served as a paragon of all what a genuine communist should allegedly aspire to become. Lenin's mummified corpse is still being kept in a specially built Mausoleum in the Red Square ( Moscow ).
Lomonosov, Mikhail (1711-1765) - Михаил Васильевич Ломоносов, a scientist, poet, historian, philosopher, creator of major philological works, founder of Moscow State University (1755). Lomonosov was the first Russian man of science with world fame. Lomonosov's discoveries enriched many spheres of human knowledge. In view of the versatility of his talents, Lomonosov is sometimes referred to as a Renaissance man in the Russian setting.
Menshikov , Alexander - Александр Меньшиков, фаворит Петра I
Naryshkin , Konstantin - Константин Нарышкин
Trubetskoy , Yury - Юрий Трубецкой
Zotov, Nikolay - Николай Зотов
Ученые
Jakoby, Boris (1801-1874) - Борис Семенович Якоби, Russian physicist
Имена мифологических героев
Achilles - Ахиллес, the greatest Greek warrior in the Trojan War and hero of Homer's Iliad. He killed Hector and was killed when Paris wounded him in the heel, his one vulnerable spot, with an arrow.
Ajax - Аякс, also called Great Ajax, Telamonian Ajax. A Greek hero in the Trojan War who rescued the body of Achilles and killed himself out of jealousy when Odysseus was awarded the armor of
Isida - Исида, the patroness of shipbuilding
Minerva - Минерва, the goddess of Wisdom
Neptune - Нептун, the ancient Roman god of the sea, identified with the Greek god Poseidon.
Nymph - Нимфа, one of a numerous class of lesser deities of mythology, conceived of as beautiful maidens inhabiting the sea, rivers, woods, trees, mountains, meadows, etc., and frequently mentioned as attending a superior deity.
Pyrrhus - Neoptolemus, the son of Achilles, who slew Priam at the fall of Troy
Triton - Тритон, a son of Poseidon and Amphitrite, represented as having the head and trunk of a man and the tail of a fish, and as using a conch-shell trumpet.
Urania - Урания, the Muse of Astronomy
Имена святых
Archangel Mikhail - архангел Михаил
Icon of Our Lady of Kazan = icon of the Mother of God = icon of the Kazan Virgin - икона Казанской Божьей Матери
Mother of God - Богородица
Peter and Paul - Петр и Павел, 2 апостола
Saint George - святой Георгий, the patron saint of Russia
Saint Grand Duke Alexander Nevsky - Святой князь Александр Невский
Saint Isaac Dalmatian - Святой Исаак Далматский
Saint Peter - Святой Петр
Поэты , писатели
Chernyshevsky, Nikolay (1828-1889) - Николай Гаврилович Чернышевский, a critic, writer, topical commentator, leader of the Russian revolutionary democratic movement in the 1860s and ideological inspirer of the Russian narodniks' (populists') organization "Land and Freedom". From 1856 Chernyshevsky was the head of the critique and bibliography department of the "Sovremennik" journal, where he had to stay until 1883. Chernyshevsky worked on problems of philosophy, sociology, ethics, aesthetics and pedagogy, and being an utopian, believed that it was possible for Russia to be transformed into a socialist society on the basis of the peasants' communities into which the rural population was organized at the time. In his novel "What is to be done?"(1863), Chernyshevsy sets out his political ideals and portrays revolutionaries.
Dostoevsky, Fyodor (1821-1881) - Федор Михайлович Достоевский, a writer, the author of the novels "Poor Folks" (1846), "The Humiliated and Insulted" (1861), "Crime and Punishment" (1866), "The Idiot" (1868), "The Demons" (1871-1872), "The Brothers Karamasov" (1879-1880). The predominant motifs in Dostoevsky's novels are the investigation of "the little man's" psychological make-up, the conflict of good and evil in man, the degree to which the social environment influences a person, and a search for a moral ideal. St. Petersburg and its atmosphere figure prominently in Dostoevsky's novels. The protagonist of many of Dostoevsky's novels is often a person whose primary concern is to "resolve the thought". It is the critical, crisis-ridden nature of life that forms the basis of the deep and sharp intellectualism of Dostoevsky's novels. Dostoevsky works reflect such typical features of Russian literature in the 19th century as a passionate search for social and personal truth, an unsparingly critical attitude to life, and responsiveness to the burning issues of everyday life as well as being engrossed in the eternal, philosophical issues faced by humanity. Dostoevsky's creative work had an important influence on Russian and world literature.
Gorky, Maxim (1868-1936) - Максим Горький (Пешков Алексей Максимович), a writer, dramatist, critic and polemicist. Gorky 's writing at the end of the 19 th - beginning of the 29 th century is marked by romantic tendencies ("Makar Chudra", "Old Woman Izergil", "The song about a Falcon", "The Song about a Storm Petrel") and the ifluence of Nietzsche ("Man"). Most of Gorky 's early stories and plays ("The Lower Depths") are populated by tramps and other down-and-outs, i.e. people that have dropped out of "respectable society". The novel "Mother" (1906), which described the revolutionary workers' movement, exerted a great influence on the development of the so-called "socialist realism" as a method of writing. In 1917-1918 Gorky published the series of articles "Ill-Timed Thoughts", in which he tried to make a critical analysis of the historical period being experienced by his country. In Russia "Ill-Timed Thoughts" were republished only in 1990.
Krylov, Ivan (1769-1844) - Иван Андреевич Крылов, a fable writer, dramatist, editor and translator; the author of the fables "The Crow and the Fox", "Quarette", "Demyan's Fish-soup" and others. Many phrases taken from his fables have become popular expressions widely used today.
Pushkin, Alexander (1799-1837) - Александр Сергеевич Пушкин, a poet, founder of the new Russian literature and originator of the modern Russian literary language. Pushkin is the author of the poems "Ruslan and Lyudmila" (1820), "The Captive of the Caucasus" (1820-1821), "Gypsies" (1824), "Copper horseman" (1833), the tragedy "Boris Godunov" (1825), the novel inverses "Eugene Onegin" (1823-1831), the drama sketches "Little Tragedies" (1830), the narratives "The Queen of Spades" (1836), "The Captain's Daughter" (1836), the series of stories "Belkin's Tales" (1836) and the large numbers of lyrical poems. Pushkin's paramount importance for national literature. He remains a central figure not only for Russian literature, but also for Russian culture as a whole. For Russian readers name "Pushkin" is associated with ideas of a high harmony, beauty and lucidity.
Radishchev, Alexander (1749-1802) - Александр Николаевич Радищев, a writer , poet , philosopher - enlightener and public figure . Radishchev's best-known work, "A Journey from St Petersburg to Moscow " (1790), reflects a wide range of ideas of the Russian Enlightenment. The work is sharply critical of serfdom. The book was prohibited until 1905. Radishchev was exiled to Siberia for 10 years.
Voltaire, François Marie Arouet (1694-1778) - Франсуа Мари Аруэ Вольтер, French philosopher, historian, satirist, dramatist, and essayist.
События
the Decembrists' uprising of 1825 - восстание декабристов . Russian revolutionaries who on December 14, 1825 led an unsuccessful uprising. Decembrists were primarily member5s of the upper classes and wanted to abolish serfdom, to establish a republic or a constitutional monarchy in Russia . The insurrection was poorly organized and easily suppressed. The investigation supervised by the new tsar Nicholas I resulted in the trial of 289 Decembrists, the execution of 5 of them, the imprisonment of 31 and the banishment of the rest to Siberia.
the Epiphany - Крещение , a Christian festival, observed on January 6, commemorating the manifestation of Christ to the gentiles in the persons of the Magi; Twelfth-day.
the Northern War (1700-1721) - Северная война (Russia contra Sweden)
the October Revolution of 1917 - Октябрьская (Социалистическая) революция 1917, is the first socialist revolution in the world leading to the formation of the Soviet State . The Revolution of October came as an attempt to solve domestic problems and the problems of foreign policy which threatened World War I Russia . The uprising was led by the Bolshevik party, headed by V.I. Lenin. The Revolution deprived the Russian bourgeoisie and nobility of all their influence, established the proletariat dictatorship.
the Patriotic War of 1812 = the Napoleonic war - Отечественная война 1812 года, война с Наполеоном (Франция).
Учреждения
Russian Orthodox Church - Русская Православная Церковь
the Association of Itinerant Art Exhibitions, Peredvizhniki - Передвижники (literally: moving ones), Russian painters who formed a group of "movable painting exhibitions" in 1870. Intheir works, the Peredvizhniki showed everyday life and people in ordinary situations, Russian history, its nature, exposed social vices. The most prominent representatives were I. Kramskoy, I. Repin, V. Surikov, V. Perov, V. Vasnetsov, I. Levitan, I. Shishkin, V. Stasov, a well-known Russian critic, was their ideological leader.
The Museum of the History of Religion and Atheism - Музей истории религии и атеизма
The People's Will - <Народная воля>"Народная воля" revolutionist organization
the Provisional Government - Временное Правительство |
